A Double Standard? Part III

A government official sets up a foundation to aid local organizations. It is funded by business entities that often turn to the government official for help - and usually succeed in getting such help.

Over a six week period, a company sends at least $45,000 in donations to four charitable programs founded by government officials - just as the companies were seeking approval of favorable legislation.

Another company supports a fundraiser for the scholarship fund of a government official.

Another company sponsors a sport competition to help the favorite food bank of a government official.

Another company subsidizes a spa outing in a popular tourist destination to aid the charity of a government official.

Another company helps sponsor a golf tournament benefiting the foundation of a government official.

Another company acknowledges that it participates in government officials' charitable events to get access to the officials to push the company's agenda.

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"Google" Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and charitable giving and you will have enough reading material to keep you busy the rest of the day.

This material will likely reference the 2004 FCPA enforcement action against Schering-Plough (see here).

In that action, the SEC alleged (here) that Schering-Plough violated the FCPA when its wholly-owned Polish subsidiary (“S-P Poland”) improperly recorded a bona fide charitable donation to a Polish foundation where the founder/president of the foundation was also the director of a government health fund (the “Director”) that provided money to hospitals throughout Poland for the purchase of pharmaceutical products.

Although the SEC and Schering-Plough ultimately resolved the matter based only on violations of the FCPA’s books and records and internal control provisions, the enforcement action is commonly viewed as broadening the “anything of value” element of an FCPA anti-bribery violation. (See here).

The SEC’s tacit interpretation of the “anything of value” element in the Schering-Plough matter is significant because there was no allegation or indication that any tangible monetary benefit accrued to the Director, an individual deemed by the SEC to be a “foreign official” under the FCPA.

Rather, the SEC brought the enforcement action on the basis of its apparent conclusion that S-P Poland’s bona fide charitable donations constituted a “thing of value” to the “foreign official” because the donations were subjectively valued by the official and provided him with an intangible benefit of enhanced self-worth or
prestige.

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So will the above donations to government official charities result in FCPA scrutiny?

Nope!

Why not?

Because the government officials are U.S. government officials. See here for the recent New York Times story.

The U.S. has a domestic bribery statute (18 USC 201) (see here) which has similar elements to the FCPA. Yet, I would not hold your breath waiting for domestic bribery prosecutions.

This all begs the question - is there a double standard?

Will a U.S. company's interaction with a "foreign official" (however that term is interpreted) be subject to more scrutiny and different standards than its interaction with a U.S. official?

Do we reflexively label a "foreign official" who receives "things of value" from private business interests as corrupt, yet when a U.S. official similarly receives "things of value" from private business interests we merely say "well, no one said our system is perfect"?

For more on the FCPA's double standard (see here and here).

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The 30% Commission, The Dream Seeker, The Ferrari Spyder, and Consulting Fees for Mom

According to its website (see here) Mexico's Comision Federal de Electricidad ("CFE") "is a decentralized government agency, duly incorporated and which controls its own assets."

Does that make CFE's Sub-Director of Generation and Director of Operations "foreign officials" under the FCPA?

According to the DOJ, apparently so, as it alleges in this recent indictment against Enrique Faustino Aguilar Noriega and Angela Maria Gomez Aguilar. See here for the DOJ release.

According to the indictment, "Comision Federal de Electricidad ('CFE') was an electric utility company owned by Mexico. During the time period relevant to this Indictment, CFE was responsibile for supplying electricity to all of Mexico othern than Mexico City. CFE contracted with Mexican and foreign companies for goods and services to help supply electricity services to its customers."

"Company LM" according to the indictment, (a company identified as Lindsey Manufacturing in media reports - see here see here for more about Lindsey Manufacturing), is a "privately held company incorporated in California and headquartered in Azusa, California. According to the indictment, LM "manufactured emergency restoration systems and other equipment used by electrical utility companies" including "state-owned utilities, including CFE" "one of LM's most significant customers." According to the indictment, LM "conducted business in a number of foreign markets through sales representatives."

According to the indictment, "Grupo Internacional De Asesores S.A. ('Grupo') was a company incorporated in Panama and headquartered in Mexico" with a "brokerage account in Houston, Texas at Global Financial Services, Inc." The indictment alleges that "Grupo's purported business was to provide sales representation services for companies like LM that had business with CFE" and that "Grupo was LM's sales representative in Mexico and received a percentage of the revenue LM received from its contracts with CFE." According to the indictment, Grupo was an "agent of a domestic concern" under the FCPA.

According to the indictment, Enrique Aguilar, a lawful permanent resident of the U.S. "was a Director of Grupo and was hired by LM to obtain contracts from CFE" and a "an agent of a domestic concern" under the FCPA.

According to the indictment, Angela Aguilar, a citizen of Mexico, "served as an Officer and a Director of Grupo" and "managed Grupo's finances" and was "the sole signatory on Grupo's Global Financial brokerage account."

According to the indcitment, Enrique Aguilar, together with President KL (an individual identified as the President of LM), Vice President SL (an individual identified as the Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of LM), LM and others conspired to make improper payments to "foreign officials" to assist Aguilar, Grupo, President KL, Vice President SL, LM, and others in obtaining and retaining business in violation of the FCPA.

The indictment alleges that Aquilar offered to become LM's "sales representative in Mexico in exchange for a thirty percent commission on all of the goods and services" LM sold to CFE and that President KL and Vice President SL "would agree to pay" Aquilar "a thirty percent commission into Grupo's brokerage account at Global Financial, even though it was significantly higher than the commission LM paid to its previous sales representative in Mexico" knowing that Aquilar "had a close personal relationship with Official 1 and would use all or a portion of the thirty percent commission to pay Official 1 and others bribes in exchange for CFE awarding LM contracts."

Among other things, the indictment alleges that: (i) Grupo's Global Financial brokerage account was used to "pay the credit card bills for Official 1's American Express credit card 'in full every month, until further notice'"; (ii) Aquilar "aided Official 1 in purchasing an 82 foot yacht named the Dream Seeker for $1,800,010 ...;" (iii) Aquilar caused wire transfers to Official 2's female and male relatives for "payment for professional services advice" and Official 2's mother and brother for a "consulting fee;" and (iv) Aquilar caused the "issuance of a check to Ferrari of Beverly Hills from Grupo's Financial brokerage account for approximately $297,500 to purchase a 2005 Ferrari Spyder for Official 1."

Who are Official 1 and 2?

According to the indictment:

"Official 1 was a Mexican citizen who held a senior level position at CFE. Official 1 became the Sub-Director of Generation for CFE in 2002 and the Director of Operations in 2007. Official 1's position at CFE made him a 'foreign official' as that term is defined in the FCPA ..."

"Official 2 was a Mexican citizen who also held a senior level position at CFE. Official 2 was the Director of Operations at CFE until that position was taken over by Official 1 in 2007. Official 2's position at CFE made him a 'foreign official' as that term is defined in the FCPA ..."

[For more on Official 1 and CFE - see David Luhnow, "U.S. Probe Leads to Mexico Chief," Wall Street Journal (August 24, 2010)]

According to the indictment, Angela Aguilar assisted or otherwise caused many of the above referenced payments to be made.

Based on the above core conduct, Enrique Aquilar was charged in a seven-count indictment with conspiracy to violate the FCPA, FCPA violations, money laundering conspiracy and money laundering. Angela Aquilar was charged with money laundering conspiracy and money laundering.

As noted in the DOJ's release "an indictment is merely an accusation, and defendants are presumed innocent until and unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt."

Michael Zweiback (here), a former DOJ prosecutor currently with Seyfarth Shaw LLP, represents both Enrique and Angela Aquilar. He stated: "we intend to vigorously defend the charges and expect the Aguiliar's to be found not guilty."

With Lindsey Manufacturing and certain of its top executives implicated in the alleged conduct, it is likely that the above core allegations will be repeated in future enforcement actions.

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The Aquilar indictments continue a DOJ trend of holding agents, sales representatives etc. accountable for allegedly participating in bribery schemes. (See this prior post for other such enforcement actions).

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Does CFE ring a bell?

It should because this alleged "state-owned utility company" is at the center of the enforcement actions against John Jospeh O'Shea (see here and here) and Fernando Maya Basurto (see here).

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Lighthouses and Buoys - Additional Plea

The DOJ announced yesterday (here) that John Warwick pleaded guilty to a one-count criminal indictment charging him with conspiracy to pay bribes to former Panamanian officials to obtain contracts to maintain lighthouses and buoys along Panama's waterways.

For additional posts about this case, including the prior guilty plea of Warwick's co-conspirator Charles Jumet (see here). Warwick and Jumet are both associated with Virginia-based Ports Engineering Consultants Corporation (PECC).

The indictments against both individuals are substantively similar and involve a rather complex and convoluted way of getting the "thing of value" to the "foreign official." According to the indictments, Warwick and Jumet designated certain corporate entities as shareholders of PECC and allowed the "foreign officials" to receive dividend payments and bearer shares from these entities.

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FCPA Enforcement ... It's More Than Just Suitcases Full of Cash to Government Officials

When conducting FCPA training, one of the first things I like to do is immediately dispel the notion that the FCPA only applies to suitcase full of cash to a government official types of situations. While the FCPA does indeed apply to such egregious situations, the FCPA (and certainly DOJ/SEC's interpretation of the statute) applies to a wide range of other - seemingly less culpable - conduct as well.

My future FCPA training slides will certainly include the recent Control Components Inc. ("CCI") FCPA enforcement action as it clearly demonstrates the broadness of FCPA enforcement.

First, the big picture.

As described in a recent DOJ release (see here), CCI pleaded guilty to a three-count criminal information charging two counts of violating the FCPA and one count of violating the Travel Act in connection with a "decade-long scheme to secure contracts in approximately 36 countries by paying bribes to officials and employees of various foreign state-owned companies as well as foreign and domestic private companies."

Pursuant to the plea agreement, CCI agreed to pay a criminal fine of $18.2 million, serve a three-year term of organizational probation and adopt a host of other measures common in FCPA settlements such as create, implement and maintain an anti-bribery compliance program and retain an independent compliance monitor.

The CCI enforcement action demonstrates the broadness of FCPA enforcement in at least two respects: (i) the "foreign official" element; and (ii) the "anything of value" element.

"Foreign Official"

As to the "foreign official" element, para 5 of the Indictment is the key paragraph. It states as follows:

"Defendant CCI's state-owned customers included, but were not limited to, Jiangsu Nuclear Power Corporation (China), Guohua Electric Power (China), China Petroleum Materials and Equipment Corporation, PetroChina, Dongfang Electric Corporation (China), China National Offshore Oil Company, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power, Petronas (Malaysia), and National Petroleum Construction Company (United Arab Emirates). Each of these state-owned entities was a department, agency, or instrumentality of a foreign government, within the meaning of the FCPA, Title 15, United States Code, Section 78dd-2(h)(2)(A). The officers and employees of these entities, including but not limited to the Vice-Presidents, Engineering Managers, General Managers, Procurement Managers, and Purchasing Officers, were "foreign officials" within the meaning of the FCPA, Title 15, United States Code, Section 78dd-2(h)(2)(A).

As I've stated before in this forum (see here) and likely will in the future until this legal issue is decided by a court, DOJ's position that employees of state-owned companies, regardless of position, are "foreign officials" under the FCPA is an unchallenged and untested legal theory - and one I believe is ripe for challenge.

Even if DOJ's position were to be upheld by a court, those subject to the FCPA could certainly benefit from some clarity as to what DOJ considers to be a state-owned entity. Instead, in the CCI Information (and countless others) all that is there is a mere conclusory statement that each of the relevant companies are "state-owned entities" (see para 5).

What attributes of, for instance, Guohua Electric Power, make it a state-owned entity? I've long been curious as to what extent of investigation or discovery DOJ undertakes before it concludes that a company is a state-owned entity? If anyone has insight into this issue, please do share.

Also interesting to note is that even though para 6 of the Information states that CCI, through its former officers and employees, made corrupt payments to officers and employees of "numerous state-owned" customers around the world for the purpose of assisting in obtaining or retaining business for CCI, the Information charges only two FCPA violations.

Count two concerns payments to secure a contract with China National Offshore Oil Company and Count three concerns payments to secure a contract with Korean Hydro and Nuclear Power.

Presumably DOJ did not have sufficient evidence to support other FCPA counts as to CCI's alleged payments to the other "numerous state-owned" customers, including the others specifically listed in para. 5 of the Information.

So why would a company such as CCI plead guilty to violating the FCPA when the "foreign officials" it allegedly bribed are "foreign officials" only under DOJ's untested and unchallenged legal theory?

That is a good question, but I suspect it has to do with the fact that companies are in the business of making money and not in the business of setting legal precedent. With a settlement comes certainty, whereas with litigation comes uncertainty.

"Anything of Value"

As to the "anything of value" element, the Information lists the following "things of value" given by CCI, directly or indirectly to "foreign officials" - "overseas holidays to places such as Disneyland and Las Vegas" (para 19); "extravagant vacations" with the following expenses "first-class airfare to destinations such as Hawaii, five-star hotel accommodations, charter boat trips, and similar luxuries" (para 20); "college tuition" [for] the children of at least two executives" at CCI's state-owned customers (para 20); "lavish sales events" including CCI payment of "hotel costs, meals, green fees for golf, and travel expenses" (para 21); and "expensive gifts" (para 21).

What do all these things have in common? They are not "suitcases full of cash" yet still "things of value" under the FCPA.

This is not the first time FCPA followers have heard of CCI and it is likely not the last time either. As described in the DOJ release, two former CCI executives (Mario Covino and Richard Morlok) have already pleaded guilty to conspiracy to violate the FCPA (see here and here). In addition, six former CCI executives (Stuart Carson, Hong (Rose) Carson, Paul Cosgrove, David Edmonds, Flavio Ricotti, and Han Yong Kim) were criminally indicted in April 2009 on charges of, among other things, violating the FCPA (see here).

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